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is a significant concern for physicians. Central& q, z% N5 D2 q  `. t
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated  X" |2 _0 x+ D& T% @' A
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& J6 R, W6 U! s. D. o
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
# d+ o+ t# [+ w0 ^  h2 Z( g: `7 o1 H$ xlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
3 O- N& R3 K# A& N. xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' {' w: ?  B1 P* \7 W% F  fhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 W/ R0 F) X6 N8 N% mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ P/ d2 C; i& G; o& ^8 q: L$ Zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" f, W+ ]5 S* I2 x8 k" E
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-/ c, O/ D% J; a" ^7 @
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
! O: {& S- e  X6 c- e7 jto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by- B' a) s, M1 N# k4 i* n
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 O% X) ~$ \, T( G8 {) I  D+ e
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this  j: O; c* Y: N/ c1 W$ }7 a8 v6 ?2 P
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of  ~+ _% y1 j& f* O7 G
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 u' w* ~: ~$ P% _2 h+ xbly more common than the rare case report in the
" H5 i# B. g$ N5 F) Lliterature.47 |. c! \  o0 I$ W. T4 z  L- r* K9 w
Patient Report8 a* ~- L& r& ^4 i/ [+ v  W
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- `  @9 S  @. @7 `1 G8 \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# Z8 l4 ^' S$ Z7 w% i( }of early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 \+ g7 W/ j* r9 n: K* elight colored pubic hair development when he was3 n$ a& c2 C* f8 ^
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
8 ]6 s& Q, A* X. B* s0 I& X7 ESouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ A, e: W# G9 m- f' B9 zAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
# s& ^6 A$ u* Y6 n- dProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
, H3 ~. F, m$ o6 p1 cMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* W# e4 f6 K" _e-mail: [email protected].0 m' K- m4 Z& r7 A0 ]0 `
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 O  s( a6 |" L3 Zdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( F2 n( e4 m$ ]2 M9 Y+ p# Jment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! ?0 a" w5 V# t% v% R  c/ Swas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
. }5 {2 _& \) h% v- A9 ?; H# F: Ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 L$ A, I/ W8 u20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 r! }( g7 t3 z9 U7 u0 b
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
  j& p/ V. _9 c9 Jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 N% Z1 a. e! k. q4 kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development/ w% M8 \. Z' h) f3 U
was age appropriate.- L6 }3 q6 K0 k
The family history was remarkable for the father,3 |: l/ \8 e' c( A1 Z
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! L! U  O) A  H9 U$ r7 |4 Mwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; ]* O; J3 v1 n+ m7 Q- C  iheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat3 c9 c6 l3 ^& a9 R4 F3 w4 g
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 s: w  p( x; P/ ~4 K  [The father denied taking any other medication. The
: E! \( B1 X& Fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 D) l  p8 E# I* ?! uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
3 u0 B7 d' c7 M: m" T5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ Y) I$ l+ j; {9 Y8 ^
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; K( M; _. I) e- T( Y& a6 ^' ftives. There were no siblings.( r( ^, h$ o8 k
Physical Examination
" g. _5 t) |, l6 v& Y: O# G6 F: t2 HThe physical examination revealed a very active,
$ F' D! C) n- [: z( oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented9 @/ u/ P1 E5 r) E) A
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 _( P; h! D( ~1 G2 u5 y90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
7 Q: y( j- O2 t1 v- L(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth  e1 B; \+ r, R* M
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
+ B3 Z- o* @4 d6 d$ [6 M6 vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 z# f$ J& E+ H1 j! P& i
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 o9 {1 P- ], J2 K$ Y% J: Kenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of5 j& c4 y4 ^7 s: [/ A5 a; D
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" _. y2 f0 }9 P% I5 \developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: \* R* n* L, z* ^/ a9 h' m0 S
540
. O7 c4 g9 y- h8 tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: V. e! h+ L& p/ v2 Q
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The2 }0 F2 n/ u7 ]
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
" R6 _$ b# H  b  v$ ^/ F3 W/ t+ XThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% H, e( B& S6 e4 Q% X
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 {- E, \5 G9 y! `
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 U, C3 t8 I. M  m
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+( z# i/ W7 x1 G& X. y
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 b5 Q/ }; h. F% [8 m3 yof papilledema.
9 A. x  l/ P8 u% x6 DLaboratory Evaluation2 x1 \/ q0 q9 c
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! l" \7 y0 I  ?& M! X# c( nusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-) T1 l2 {/ I, k
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal% t+ z& ]" s+ @* }* ^6 D
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test) ]- w& {* E7 n  l( x
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-& [& z8 u5 \# l1 e6 `5 B" I% I8 d
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).8 u4 |  v" z* o6 P/ e2 j
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
2 c, @" W& I; `  m5 G1 turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were$ @! h8 h7 W' D* e
within normal range for his age. The concentration$ }4 j2 e& D5 C! O( E0 S5 e3 ^* V
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL- ?$ h3 n" E8 E; m9 M
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20# Z, @, t% |. Q# o- ^
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 b3 e* o: ^% C) o8 y& `$ c0 i0 Bterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL)," f3 S- v, O' ?# z- \) w
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
  {) |9 u2 U4 ?. g% Y+ D2 \49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 k7 Q$ e0 s8 i& J. S; D
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ V4 C$ ^8 p$ |5 d" J9 @; }tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ `8 S9 B8 W+ m4 w, _* t4 T6 T0 G! dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),4 L0 P$ }; n6 T& H
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
3 U! i$ s0 |. r( L- X5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 K4 b) l! `$ Wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
! M+ e, i9 {. S  }' ^% e$ k$ ^' hconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& p  P) J' \3 C0 d(prepubertal).* Z2 _& h1 a; a$ M
The parents were notified about the laboratory
9 H( S3 g% Q, C( L8 f- Aresults and were informed that all of the tests were$ u; ], m+ N# Y
normal except the testosterone level was high. The# C8 \( ]! \: V4 o2 P3 d
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to; B: Q+ D4 l# t: M. y3 l) @; X9 J7 {
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 C& b( V7 S7 X- K# K& L4 J! @' Never, the family did not return for 4 months.3 ]0 M( ]& t" C3 ]4 j6 ?" n
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
/ M5 U/ Z3 R# J; k+ Kchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# z5 g: {2 n/ L$ F; D
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 f) ]# f: J+ K0 N/ \. @6 _5 ?unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* w" n& C& s* }% H) w) \
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at  H6 U, e0 p: l
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  s5 B4 t, z7 T! ]0 y1 j0 l: E3 o1 o9 umL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) }% T' u& V) m: J8 \% Q: p9 `The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
2 |3 ?1 o( f0 i3 m2 \# jing frequent erections.
6 w- K$ N2 n; A# g- P7 l9 p2 c3 {1 IBoth parents were again questioned about use of
4 p3 r9 l* }/ x2 Many ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 g! M2 l" w# P/ `6 v
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' R! z% v  `. ^4 U
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! L: W7 t9 x9 q5 b7 Ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! Z, r, {' r2 y+ e9 Q0 Q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
7 E4 U7 Q9 o% \. ^. ~a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 b- D0 u& U" N4 \0 N' ~to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
* U$ @: T( G7 Q) Oscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
/ S3 M3 Y" m3 A- H. M. {$ Msecondary to depression.
4 O# e& C0 a, v2 L4 qThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ h/ F0 v# I/ R; @) PThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his" b$ p" @( [5 G. q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! @3 C) b' z: v  @4 A( m6 }nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
5 s' D: h  S8 H4 A: WThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" T2 l- h& D: U4 _8 A" lwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby, [# g; P8 k9 m" d3 a
was high, he then read the product information
. A/ D0 w3 o2 {) xpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
/ \2 q- ?6 q- J0 t& f  a7 J; }son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. h" t6 l  ~2 d; ~$ O2 C
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 l2 X# ]5 u5 i( b6 p& vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ K/ f$ f( y+ ~2 q: a
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
8 V& ]5 \* \, M, {. u! e/ Ntest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; o4 V, H: P9 r4 V% elaboratory to obtain the test.% s2 N3 n$ A! `) f$ q! S$ l
Discussion
3 r$ M, j* U( b& L0 yPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
, @; {5 P1 J( W  A3 wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& V% n; n1 ^! t& n* ^$ V  @+ L. `Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when2 }: Q$ z/ z) y
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& M1 b( b$ j& W: e8 h0 J6 W2 vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-  r. n: `: l& ]& x7 c: K
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: R8 V& x; b" r
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
: ?$ M" s3 [" n# o6 Presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 [1 d- s7 |* e3 f( o2 E7 Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 v5 E4 d; K! t
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 T: A) h" w( J1 u1 W7 x9 K
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 ^; j  `9 X) ?: C2 f1 F5 Eization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
$ p9 _: y# W2 [7 M, ^rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by' w* j& e5 w& a/ }$ s& v
gonadotropins.1,3
3 {# y" b/ p8 G$ w8 g% ]Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-- ?# s1 T6 D, X2 j( w
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
! ]3 r" N$ {7 R: S, H6 Z  iandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& l0 D3 q* u; f9 vexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-* \5 `! y7 h6 @  L# Z1 u/ F: e
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
; K: _. K6 E0 j1 T' ucongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  ~; C) G4 q2 d
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious. Y2 J5 Y5 L3 ?% {# ]( L0 Q
puberty in boys.3,4
) }& g/ \5 d* ?The most common form of congenital adrenal
' A& b4 M5 I/ ]) Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
7 J. @# |$ x0 l" nThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) c) M/ q6 V. x
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,5 K2 D3 l* n4 w' y/ B
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 j/ E$ s7 |/ K) ^
excess.1,3
6 O) i( e. R* Y0 h# ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 P# N3 I5 ?$ X) R, B
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: g7 I$ k9 A: W8 T  x( b
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; G9 @' w; G, x( T2 d3 h  ]. t) P
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
, s* z5 L( |; B$ a% Pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- j0 P" P9 x4 x9 u; B* a$ i
very young age. The physical findings in these boys: g# ~* s; ?/ w
with this disorder are full pubertal development,2 B7 a4 h3 x3 s" Z7 X& c# [; y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' y; F! I3 X3 K+ Swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder% d- _% b' r& Y) Y! ^* C- K
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! @6 x3 F& b$ r; G
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-4 O1 f; S) C# ~: Y: O( P9 Y
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
* U" V4 R4 E& \) rautosomal dominant disorder that affects only. j+ N# b* S8 B7 v
males; therefore, other male members of the family
, T: ]9 ^8 e4 I5 ?/ t% G$ |may have similar precocious puberty.3
9 n- J9 H* X% p, a, F1 ]9 rIn our patient, physical examination was incon-% L6 a* v; k" I1 D! M& b  {% T" P5 X
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* m/ c7 b$ p* G$ g: C
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, |) B, R5 Q2 ]+ G/ r+ Hwas in the differential diagnosis because his father# T7 L8 u0 G: c) S! Z" X* i. ]) r
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,- ^! I( U% T" Y8 @8 x! r
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ m% y5 ^- b) G# P  ?beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
7 x& B; o; h* K( S& Hative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* C' j6 \' e0 s$ G1 L3 xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
- S2 l# X& |( z( W$ m5 o; }- Peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 W' B4 Z% D, F; z8 T+ m
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% {3 }% {7 d7 [. ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 l( s* n$ @! L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly" T: E4 M9 J1 a/ H8 i- E9 j9 P/ C  r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
; K8 a0 a: Z: f0 d6 Vthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 Z! N/ Y% a% {  Y4 I2 C6 `pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 Q$ K+ r; T8 g; k2 Udecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! h9 T# O2 O+ {) z: tterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was1 N* R5 Y7 H( U3 w
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# k, c- l: L3 A8 n& @0 U
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
! h5 k! T) w( u2 u+ g% Dcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
7 _9 r  ~* m/ C& gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: m" b5 |! V/ {Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% `! ~4 _: l2 u# b" k
baseline value in those females who were exposed to# g( ~7 n+ Y) L( z
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 K6 o' l2 s, r! t. M4 y/ f& J
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-4 s' {( Y  y; T8 |* |, [
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( [" z# a& Q: U7 A7 r1 Q) DOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,! B$ R( J- ^9 C
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
: v) R+ U( B$ ?7 G2 gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( i; b% U( D9 {( m( K" \; mterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- W/ m+ L+ I5 r# j5 Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone
8 |& ~) @# D6 Z$ `, q9 x# eexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
0 r- A  }$ {" T5 Idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 Q9 o) k5 s# Y' X1 b- t  h2 T3 wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in3 Z- P/ A, p) n' {7 E2 L8 B
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 S/ f0 @4 n3 w, v0 r9 Qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.4 c& H/ l, O0 \% V
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during) ~' h/ X& [! r6 d# A+ R
early childhood on pubertal development and final
3 r$ B8 K! u# \9 d  R& R3 Oadult height are not fully known and always remain
7 r. f2 c" D+ q6 i2 \- E8 f7 Ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 d' l# M- Y! k" @& ~8 i: ~) C+ Dterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 U! M" J2 b. k7 D" ?$ s- z
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 ^8 e3 L9 P( g4 \' W+ v$ }: Gcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
3 [0 r" q% g' j. Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
! |- {" f; Z4 \' D" QThere are conflicting reports and controversy
. l5 Y  R0 V" ~0 f7 _* x; p' I! pover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
  p( P. D& y" G, z9 T1 Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal" M. @9 A3 @7 N
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
" @/ {1 u. H  _; ]7 n5 Rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,; J# j0 O3 f7 J# c/ \
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 T) j; P" Y0 G6 `- |
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
6 h: @( @% I9 j5 d* Wpenile length in clinical studies.
/ h$ x3 M+ n9 B6 H  k' E1 ~5 tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 |: ]: x5 B  [1 H0 V, a: B
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
) ~! t9 a7 U7 htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 ?$ {- q! C) L$ C
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
% d+ ]4 p2 g* a2 a( O) i. gAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of$ V8 n0 \8 `' b9 [) v$ T
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 i3 e( C6 Y; v- v2 Kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
+ m2 h- f) U7 Z7 q& c) zheight will not be affected.
; j$ o! ^; f3 U' E  w0 Z4 s- CAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 i1 _1 t; L: l: h
ability of androgen products in our society may
0 {$ U  b, r5 i- Vindeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 Q  z! Z6 |; f9 S8 ]children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-4 B7 @+ t; e3 d; v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-* {3 S7 Z# v+ f' z2 P. O
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
7 b  [) w: f4 f8 U2 E; zgel should be asked of the family members during7 M" p% t0 K0 t* d
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-3 g9 n: P' Y% N& [
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ G6 _& S& s7 ~! m5 v- Vnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! ~' Q9 w  P% o: a/ {# I: d9 Fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a, \4 K# O! i" c: [7 \8 B
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ W* v5 s' c+ k' q8 }% Gresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive# F. k7 g) ?" C& Y# ~, \
investigation. The primary care physician should be
4 o8 L- G( \' Q0 g* M# waware of this fact, because most of these children2 K4 E2 {: l% M# l# S4 ~
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
3 m% r/ H+ C* v( ~& N2 g& ?+ KDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
0 r3 M3 d# J7 Z* q1 P) wwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' y* m. y3 _. i0 [9 c5 P# B. I$ @female child who might come in contact with some-
; S9 v' i$ `7 pone using any of these products.
( ^. s6 n# y" v& NReferences) D- U; k9 }- E: ?( X$ e" M
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 z7 Y9 D, u: `3 D1 L8 n' ~6 l$ u
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric4 _8 P. n1 A0 c# F- \) t
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
8 b" f$ e0 Q. d2002: 565-628.
' V7 }$ J. d! x8 Y% x: L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
8 L& S! ]; N- V3 e% Jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
, R: n; J( n& p( |at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- f, ^; h0 D3 d4 E' r( d+ ATopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543
$ b* S" _- }" I7 v3 B- jareas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.
, z7 r6 T5 M% ^# Z! _0 g( C" G2001;90:751-756.
4 z6 A& Z2 g8 C; ^3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.+ _' x- m! P. K3 ~# i8 d
Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel; y) K1 H7 M- q1 s$ a
Dekker Inc; 2003:211-238.
( z% _( @1 ~/ H4. Yu YM, Punyasavatsu N, Elder D, D’Ercole AJ. Sexual
; ~2 k2 ^$ p& @& }8 Q3 Jdevelopment in a two-year-old boy induced by topical) u7 X7 N6 f; {2 _  A0 X3 P& E
exposure to testosterone. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e23./ E: P% e' D5 F! o5 u
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Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist. 2nd ed.
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
1 N+ E* j8 a4 q+ n7 L: n7 Z
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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